Chronic inflammatory diseases, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases: Design, objectives, and baseline characteristics of a prospective case-cohort study ‒ ELSA-Brasil.

OBJECTIVES: This analysis describes the protocol of a study with a case-cohort to design to prospectively evaluate the incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Chronic Inflammatory Disease (CID) participants compared to non-diseased ones. METHODS: A high-risk group for CID was defined based on data collected in all visits on self-reported medical diagnosis, use of medicines, and levels of high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein >10 mg/L. The comparison group is the Aleatory Cohort Sample (ACS): a group with 10% of participants selected at baseline who represent the entire cohort. In both groups, specific biomarkers for DIC, markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, and CVD morbimortality will be tested using weighted Cox. RESULTS: The high-risk group (n = 2,949; aged 53.6 ± 9.2; 65.5% women) and the ACS (n=1543; 52.2±8.8; 54.1% women) were identified. Beyond being older and mostly women, participants in the high-risk group present low average income (29.1% vs. 24.8%, p < 0.0001), higher BMI (Kg/m2) (28.1 vs. 26.9, p < 0.0001), higher waist circumference (cm) (93.3 vs. 91, p < 0.0001), higher frequencies of hypertension (40.2% vs. 34.5%, p < 0.0001), diabetes (20.7% vs. 17%, p = 0.003) depression (5.8% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.007) and higher levels of GlycA a new inflammatory marker (p < 0.0001) compared to the ACS. CONCLUSIONS: The high-risk group selected mostly women, older, lower-income/education, higher BMI, waist circumference, and of hypertension, diabetes, depression, and higher levels of GlycA when compared to the ACS. The strategy chosen to define the high-risk group seems adequate given that multiple sociodemographic and clinical characteristics are compatible with CID.

Chronic inflammatory diseases, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases: Design, objectives, and baseline characteristics of a prospective case-cohort study ‒ ELSA-Brasil

Abstract Objectives This analysis describes the protocol of a study with a case-cohort to design to prospectively evaluate the incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Chronic Inflammatory Disease (CID) participants compared to non-diseased ones. Methods A high-risk group for CID was defined based on data collected in all visits on self-reported medical diagnosis, use of medicines, and levels of high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein >10 mg/L. The comparison group is the Aleatory Cohort Sample (ACS): a group with 10% of participants selected at baseline who represent the entire cohort. In both groups, specific biomarkers for DIC, markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, and CVD morbimortality will be tested using weighted Cox. Results The high-risk group (n = 2,949; aged 53.6 ± 9.2; 65.5% women) and the ACS (n=1543; 52.2±8.8; 54.1% women) were identified. Beyond being older and mostly women, participants in the high-risk group present low average income (29.1% vs. 24.8%, p < 0.0001), higher BMI (Kg/m2) (28.1 vs. 26.9, p < 0.0001), higher waist circumference (cm) (93.3 vs. 91, p < 0.0001), higher frequencies of hypertension (40.2% vs. 34.5%, p < 0.0001), diabetes (20.7% vs. 17%, p = 0.003) depression (5.8% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.007) and higher levels of GlycA a new inflammatory marker (p < 0.0001) compared to the ACS. Conclusions The high-risk group selected mostly women, older, lower-income/education, higher BMI, waist circumference, and of hypertension, diabetes, depression, and higher levels of GlycA when compared to the ACS. The strategy chosen to define the high-risk group seems adequate given that multiple sociodemographic and clinical characteristics are compatible with CID.

Risk of thrombosis and mortality in inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have a higher risk of thrombosis, which is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality. Most data about VTE are related to hospitalized patients with active disease, but several cases happen in the outpatient setting, and are not covered by current prophylaxis recommendation. As the knowledge of VTE in outpatients is still poor, the aim of this study is to evaluate the risk, clinical data and mortality of thrombosis in patients followed in our center, comparing our findings with the current prophylaxis recommendation. METHODS: The medical electronic chart of 1093 inflammatory bowel disease patients and their image exams were actively searched for words related to thrombosis, followed by charts reviewed to collect information about the event and data regarding clinical settings and thrombosis profile. RESULTS: Overall, 654 Crohn's and 439 Colitis patients were included. Thrombosis prevalence was 5.1%,and mortality rate was higher in patients who had suffered thrombosis (10.71% vs. 1.45%, OR 8.0). Half of them developed thrombosis in the outpatient setting, 52% of these had disease activity, 17% had recent hospitalization, and 10% had previous thrombosis. In 27% of cases, diagnosis was done by routine image exams, with no clinical symptoms or previous history of thrombosis. None of them had used thromboprophylaxis. However, a great majority of patients who had thrombosis during hospitalization used heparin prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory bowel disease patients who develop thrombosis have an increased mortality risk. A significant proportion of the events happened in patients without a clear thromboprophylaxis recommendation or in those receiving heparin prophylaxis.

Clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcomes of children and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the clinical, endoscopic, and histologic characteristics, as well as the response to conventional treatment of pediatric patients with the classical form of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). METHODS: Study of clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histologic data and response to conventional treatment of 43 previously followed pediatric patients with the classical form of EoE. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients diagnosed with EoE were included in the study, of which 37 were males (86%), with a mean age of 8.4 years. The most common symptoms were: nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain (100%) in children younger than 7 years, and loss of appetite (60%), heartburn (52%), and food impaction (48%) in children older than 7 years and adolescents. Regarding the endoscopic findings, 12 (28%) patients had whitish plaques on the esophageal lining, 8 (18.5%) had longitudinal grooves, 2 (4.5%) had concentric rings, 3 (7%) had longitudinal grooves and whitish plaques, and the remaining 18 (42%) had esophageal mucosa with normal appearance. Despite the initial favorable response, 76.7% of patients required more than one course of corticosteroid therapy (systemic or aerosol) and diet (exclusion or elimination of food or elementary allergens). Persistence of eosinophil infiltration was found in some patients despite favorable clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: The classic form of EoE typically shows different symptoms according age range. A significant number of patients required more than one treatment cycle to show clinical remission. Endoscopic and histologic improvement was observed; however, eosinophilic infiltration persisted in some patients.

Prevalence of celiac disease in an urban area of Brazil with predominantly European ancestry.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of celiac disease in a group of volunteer blood donors at a blood bank in the city of Curitiba, Brazil through detection of the serum marker immunoglobulin A (IgA) antitransglutaminase antibody. METHODS: Blood samples collected from 2086 healthy subjects at the Paraná State Center for Hematology and Hemotherapy in Curitiba were submitted to ELISA testing for the IgA antitransglutaminase antibody. Positive samples received IgA antiendomysium antibody test through indirect immunofluorescence using human umbilical cord as substrate. Subsequently, patients who were positive on both tests underwent small bowel (distal duodenum) biopsy. RESULTS: Six subjects, four males and two females, tested positive for the two serum markers. Five of the six were submitted to intestinal biopsy (one declined the procedure). Biopsy results revealed changes in the distal duodenum mucosa (three classified as Marsh IIIb lesions and two as Marsh II lesions). Most donors diagnosed having celiac disease presented multiple symptoms (gastrointestinal tract complaints). One donor reported having a family history of celiac disease (in a niece). CONCLUSION: Among apparently healthy blood donors, the prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease was approximately 1:417, similar to that seen in European countries.

Diagnosis of suspected trimethylaminuria by NMR spectroscopy.

BACKGROUND: Trimethylamine (TMA) is a volatile substance produced in the gut, absorbed into the blood and further metabolized by healthy individuals into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by TMA-oxidase and then excreted in urine. Patients suffering from trimethylaminuria (TMAU) show an impaired enzymatic oxidation of TMA, excreting this amine in breath, urine and other body secretions which confers an unpleasant body odor. METHODS: We diagnosed a Brazilian adult male patient suspected of trimethylaminuria with a burden of choline bitartarate by monitoring the urinary excretion of TMA and TMAO by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-NMR). RESULTS: The patient's urinalyses showed an augmented TMA (12.64+/-0.95 mg/l) and TMAO (88.42+/-0.82 mg/l) excretion 6 h after the overload test representing an oxidation capacity of 84.6%, consistent with a heterozygosis condition. Diets containing tuna fish or eggs resulted in an excretion of TMA and TMAO similar to that of the control diet. Only the diet based on dogfish, rich in TMAO, enhanced the excretion of TMA and TMAO reaching 24.65 and 1055.55 mg/l, respectively, in the 0-24 h urine sample. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded first, that the patient was not able to metabolize the dietary overload of TMA and second, that more studies are needed to substantiate foods that should be avoided, especially regarding fish, due to their high TMA precursor contents.

Ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorates experimental ileitis counteracting intestinal barrier dysfunction and oxidative stress.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on intestinal permeability (IP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in indomethacin-induced enteropathy, a well-known experimental model of Crohn's disease. Seventy-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive indomethacin, indomethacin + UDCA, or vehicles. Indomethacin induced a significant increase in the fraction of urinary excretion of 51Cr-EDTA following oral administration (7.9 +/- 1.3 vs 2.3 +/- 0.2%; P < 0.05) and lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence in intestinal fragments ex vivo (10.1 +/- 1.9 vs 2.6 +/- 0.4 cpm x 10(3)/mg; P < 0.05) compared to controls. UDCA significantly reversed these effects (P < 0.05), without being incorporated in biliary bile acid composition (HPLC analysis). These findings support a local protective effect of UDCA in experimental ileitis by the modulation of intestinal barrier dysfunction and oxidative stress. In short, they provide insights into mechanisms of action of UDCA in intestinal inflammation and a new perspective on the treatment of Crohn's disease.

Doença celíaca no adulto / Coeliac disease in adults

The coeliac disease is characterized by lesions of variable degrees in the mucosa of proximal smalll bowel. This lesions are caused by gluten ingestion in people thar have genetic prodisponition for this disease with emphasis on diagnosis, the assocation with another disordes and treatment, wich is based in a gluten-free diet (au)